Dr Marilyn Kwan Kharkongor1
1Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, 2University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Biography:
Early Career Researcher with research interests on Foreign Policy Analysis, International Relations Theory, Indian Foreign Policy and Global South Studies with teaching interests in International Relations, Security and Foreign Policy Studies
Abstract:
The three most influential Prime Ministers of post-independence India—Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, and Narendra Modi—have left a lasting impact on the nation’s political and strategic landscape. Each has served three terms and has significantly influenced India’s foreign policy and national security. This paper explores the distinct strategies employed by each leader in managing their relationships with China. The study examines the influence of their personalities, ideologies, and political pressures towards their responses to the perceived ‘China threat.’ Thus, the primary research question investigates the perspectives of Nehru, Gandhi, and Modi regarding China. The subsequent research question addresses the implications of these perceptions analysing the strategies in the foreign policy of each leader towards China.
A comparative analysis reveals both continuity and change in their strategies. Nehru’s policies were marked by an idealistic underestimation of the threat from China, whereas the approaches of Gandhi and Modi reflect a more pragmatic outlook. Gandhi prioritized defence readiness and diplomatic efforts, while Modi focused on utilizing economic strength and fostering global partnerships to counterbalance China’s influence. The analysis further evaluates the successes and limitations of their policies, considering domestic and international constraints. The analysis also examines these policies’ successes and limitations, considering domestic and international constraints. This evaluation sheds light on the interplay between leadership, ideology, and strategic decision-making in shaping India’s national security trajectory. By conducting this analysis, the paper contributes to ongoing policy and theoretical debates, providing valuable insights into how leadership dynamics influence international relations in democracies such as India.